From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Hockey is any of a family of sports in which two teams compete by trying to maneuver a ball, or a hard, round disc called a puck,
into the opponent's net or goal, using a hockey stick. The dominant
version of hockey in a particular region tends to be known simply as hockey, other forms being more fully qualified (e.g. hockey for field hockey in Germany, for ice hockey in North America).
Field hockey
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Main article: Field hockey
Field hockey is played on gravel, natural grass, sand-based or water-based artificial turf, with a small, hard ball. The game is popular among both males and females in many parts of the world, particularly in Europe, Asia, Australasia, and South Africa. In most countries, the game is played between single-sex sides, although they can be mixed-sex. In the United States and Canada it is played predominantly by women.
The governing body is the 116-member International Hockey Federation (FIH). Field Hockey has been played at each summer Olympic Games since 1908 (except 1924). Modern field hockey sticks
are J-shaped and constructed of a composite of wood, glass fibre or
carbon fibre (sometimes both) and have a curved hook at the playing
end, a flat surface on the playing side and curved surface on the rear
side.
There are 4000-year-old drawings in Egypt of a game resembling field hockey being played.[citation needed] While modern field hockey appeared in the mid-18th century in England, primarily in schools, it was not until the first half of the 19th century that it became firmly established. The first club was created in 1849 at Blackheath in south-east London. Field Hockey is the National Game of India and Pakistan[1].
Ice hockey
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Ice hockey is played on a large flat area of ice, using a three inch (76.2 mm) diameter vulcanized rubber disc called a puck.
This puck is often frozen before high-level games to decrease the
amount of bouncing and friction on the ice. The game is contested
between two teams of skaters. The game is played all over North
America, Europe and in many other countries around the world to varying
extent. It is the most popular sport in Canada, Finland and in Sweden.
The governing body is the 64-member International Ice Hockey Federation, (IIHF). Men's ice hockey has been played at the Winter Olympics since 1924, and was in the 1920 Summer Olympics. Women's ice hockey was added to the Winter Olympics in 1998. North America's National Hockey League
(NHL) is the strongest professional ice hockey league, drawing top ice
hockey players from around the globe. The NHL rules are slightly
different from those used in Olympic ice hockey: the periods are 20
minutes long, counting downwards. There are three periods.
Ice hockey sticks are long L-shaped sticks made of wood, graphite, or composites
with a blade at the bottom that can lie flat on the playing surface
when the stick is held upright and can curve either way, legally, as to
help a left- or right-handed
player gain an advantage. Variations in curves include its lie and its
curve type. Most companies that produce sticks have sponsored players
and in return, use their custom curve on publicly retailed sticks. To
shoot with a left curved stick, the stick is held with the right hand
at the top and the left hand partway down the shaft. To shoot with a
right curved stick, the stick is held with the left hand at the top and
the right hand partway down the shaft. Most people who are right-handed
shoot with a left curved stick, and most people who are left-handed
shoot with a right curved stick. This keeps their dominant hand at the
top of the stick, allowing more control. Sticks also have flex numbers,
a number on the stick ranging upward from 0. It indicates how much the
stick will bend before breaking when pressed on the ice. The higher the
number is, the more pressure it is able to withstand. This flexing is
what enables slapshots.
There are early representations and reports of hockey-type games being played on ice in the Netherlands, and reports from Canada from the beginning of the nineteenth century, but the modern game was initially organized by students at McGill University, Montreal in 1875 who, by two years later, codified the first set of ice hockey rules and organized the first teams.
Some notable players in ice hockey are Steve Yzerman, Wayne Gretzky, Gordie Howe, and Maurice "The Rocket" Richard.
Street Hockey
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Main article: Street Hockey
Another form of popular hockey is Street Hockey,
sometimes known as road hockey. This is usually played with the same
rules as ice hockey, or roller hockey, except it is on the street. Most
of the time, a ball is used instead of a puck, because a puck would be
too difficult to hit on an asphalt or cement surface. Street hockey is usually played during the summer.
Roller hockey (inline)
Inline hockey (roller) is played worldwide on inline skates
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Main article: Inline hockey
Inline hockey is a variation of roller hockey very similar to ice hockey,
from which it is derived. Inline hockey is played by two teams,
consisting of four skaters and one goalie, on a dry rink divided into
two halves by a center line, with one net at each end of the rink. The
game is played in three 15-minute periods with a variation of the ice
hockey off-side rule. Icings are also called, but are usually referred
to as illegal clearing. For rink dimensions and an overview of the
rules of the game, see IIHF Inline Rules (official rules). Some leagues and competitions do not follow the IIHF regulations, in particular USA Inline and Canada Inline.
Roller hockey (quad)
Roller hockey (quad) is played worldwide on quad skates.
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Roller hockey (quad)
is the overarching name for a roller sport that has existed since long
before inline skates were invented. Roller hockey has been played in
sixty countries worldwide and so has many names worldwide. The sport is
also known as quad hockey, hóquei em patins, international style ball
hockey, rink hockey and hardball hockey. Roller Hockey was a
demonstration roller sport at the 1992 Barcelona Summer Olympics.
Unicycle hockey
Unicycle hockey is similar to roller or inline hockey, however, each player must be mounted on their unicycle
(with both feet on the pedals) to play at the ball. The ball is similar
weight and bounce to a "dead" tennis ball and sticks are as in roller
hockey. The game is "non-contact". Each team consists of five players
(one is usually a goalkeeper, but with no special rights or
obligations), and substitution is allowed at any point in the game. Any
player who allows his stick to impede an opposing player commits a
foul, regardless of intent. Players must also keep one hand on the end
of the stick at all times and never allow the head of the stick to be
lifted above waist height.
Other forms of hockey
Other games derived from hockey or its predecessors include the following:
- Ball hockey is played in a gym using sticks and a ball, often a tennis ball with the fuzz removed.
- Air hockey is played indoors with a puck on an air-cushion table.
- Bandy is played with a ball on a football-sized
ice arena, typically outdoors. It is in some ways field hockey played
on ice, but bandy has in fact more in common with association football
(soccer).
- Beach hockey was a professional league that played for three seasons at Huntington Beach, California. The game was played on inline skates at a rink. The league was canceled after ESPN stopped funding them due to low ratings.
- Broomball is played
on an ice hockey rink, but with a ball instead of a puck and a "broom"
(actually a stick with a small plastic implement on the end) in place
of the ice hockey stick. Instead of using skates, special shoes are
used that have very soft rubbery soles to maximize grip while running
around.
- Bubble hockey is played in a plastic sealed table with the 'players' being moved by the use of pushing and turning rods.
- Floorball, is a
form of hockey played in a gymnasium or in sport halls. A whiffle ball
is used instead of a plastic ball, and the sticks are made from
composite materials. The sticks are only one meter long, allowing
better stickhandling, and making the game a whole lot safer. It is very
popular in Europe, and is widely recognized as the world's fastest
growing sport.
- Foot hockey is
played using a bald tennis ball or rolled up pair of socks and using
only the feet. It is popular at elementary schools in the winter.
- Gym hockey is a form of ice hockey played in a gymnasium. It uses sticks with foam ends and a foam ball or a plastic puck.
- Hurling and Camogie are Irish games bearing some resemblance to - and notable differences from - hockey.
- Indoor field hockey is an indoor variation of field hockey.
- Mini hockey
(Popularly known as "Mini-Sticks") is a form of hockey which is played
in basements of houses. Players get down on their knees, using a
miniature plastic stick, usually about 15 inches (38 cm) long and a
small blue ball or a soft, fabric covered mini puck. They shoot into
miniature goals as well. This is popular throughout North America,
though it has not yet made the jump to Europe. In England this refers
to a seven-a-side version of Field Hockey, played on an area equivalent
to half a normal pitch for younger players, see Minkey (Mini Hockey)
- PowerHockey is
a form of hockey for persons requiring the use of an electric (power)
wheelchair in daily life. PowerHockey is a competitive sports
opportunity for the physically disabled.
- Ringette is an ice hockey variant that was designed for female players; it uses a straight stick and a rubber ring in place of a puck. Note:
Ringette distances itself from hockey as it has its own set of rules
and is closely related to a mix of lacrosse and basketball.
- Rinkball is a Scandinavian team sport, played in an ice hockey rink with a ball.
- Rossall Hockey is a variation played at Rossall School on the sea shore in the winter months. Its rules are a mix of field hockey, Rugby and the Eton Wall Game.
- Shinny is an informal version of ice hockey.
- Shinty is a Scottish Highlands game
- Skater hockey is a variant of inline hockey, played with a ball.
- Sledge hockey
is a form of ice hockey played by the disabled. The players sit on
sleds, and push themselves up and down the ice with picks on the butt
end of their shortened hockey sticks. The game is played with many of
the same rules as regular ice hockey.
- Spongee is a cross between ice hockey and broomball and is most popular in Manitoba, Canada.
A stick and puck are used as in hockey (the puck is a softer version
called a "sponge puck"), and the same soft-soled shoes used in
broomball are worn. The rules are basically the same as ice hockey, but
one variation has an extra player on the ice called a "rover".
- Table hockey is played indoors with a table-top game.
- Underwater hockey is played on the bottom of a swimming pool.
- Nok hockey A table-top version of hockey played with no defense and a small block in front of the goal.
References
- ^ Hockey,Field Hockey,Hockey Game,Hockey Sports,Hockey History,Hockey India
External links
Field hockey
Ice hockey
Roller hockey (inline)
Roller hockey (quad)
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